Nuclear waste pollution of the environment and an acceptable solution for waste management and disposal constitute among the most important public concerns. Stability and durability of cementitious materials have attracted intensive research more » interest and contractors` concerns, as does immobilization of radioactive and hazardous industrial waste in cementitious materials. The extraordinary stability and durability of these materials has impressed us, when so much dramatically damaged infrastructure restored by using modern portland cement now requires rebuilding. The ancient Egyptians used calcined impure gypsum to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops. The ancient Chinese used lime-pozzolanic mixes to build the Great Wall. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States) Sponsoring Org.: USDOE Office of Science (SC) OSTI Identifier: 1624052 Grant/Contract Number: AC02-05CH11231 NFS NSF Resource Type: Accepted Manuscript Journal Name: Nature Communications Additional Journal Information: Journal Volume: 8 Journal Issue: 1 Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: United States Language: English Subject: 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Science & Technology - Other = which was first found near Port Pozzuoli, Italy. Publication Date: Tue Oct 17 00:00: Research Org.: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. School of Forestry & Environmental Studies

Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States).Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Paul Scherrer Inst., Villigen (Switzerland).of Earth and Planetary Science Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). San Francisco State Univ., CA (United States).of History and Classics Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States). Ptolemaic vulnerability to volcanic eruptions offers a caution for all monsoon-dependent agricultural regions, presently including 70% of world population. Eruptions are also followed by socioeconomic stress with increased hereditary land sales, and the issuance of priestly decrees to reinforce elite authority. Eruptions are associated with revolt onset against elite rule, and the cessation of Ptolemaic state warfare with their great rival, the Seleukid Empire. We then examine the response of Ptolemaic Egypt (305–30 BCE), one of the best-documented ancient superpowers, to volcanically induced Nile suppression. Here we show a suppression of Nile summer flooding via the radiative and dynamical impacts of explosive volcanism on the African monsoon, using climate model output, ice-core-based volcanic forcing data, Nilometer measurements, and ancient Egyptian writings. Volcanic eruptions provide tests of human and natural system sensitivity to abrupt shocks because their repeated occurrence allows the identification of systematic relationships in the presence of random variability.

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